Fifty years ago this month, the world was transfixed by the war raging between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
The war was triggered by blood-curdling threats from Cairo and Damascus to annihilate the Jewish state, troop mobilization toward Israeli borders, and Arab calls on the UN to remove peacekeeping troops in the Sinai, who were acting as a buffer against conflict. But beyond the gaze of the international news media, another campaign was ruthlessly being waged in 1967: to drive an already diminished Jewish community from its historic home in Libya.
For Libya’s 4,000 Jews — the remnants of a community that had numbered nearly 40,000 — it was the third and final pogrom since 1945, and the end of a rich, complicated and little-heralded history.
Jews had lived continuously in Libya for more than two millennia. Settled in Cyrene — eastern Libya today — by the Egyptian ruler Ptolemy I in the third century BC, they predated the Muslim conquest and occupation of Libya in 642 AD by more than 900 years. Over time, the Libyan Jewish community was augmented by Berbers who converted to Judaism; Jews fleeing the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions; and Jews resettling from Italy. By 1911, the year that Ottoman rule over Libya ended and Italian control began, the Jewish population there numbered 20,000. It nearly doubled to 40,000 by 1945.
The end of World War II saw Libya come under British rule. The vast majority of Libya’s Jews had survived the conflict, despite the conscription of several thousand into forced labor camps under Italian fascist control, and the deportation of a much smaller number to Nazi concentration camps. Until this point, it should be noted that Muslim-Jewish relations in Libya were, generally, quite cordial.
Beginning in 1945, however, the Arab League’s pan-Islamic and anti-Zionist propaganda fanned the flames of hatred in Libya, resulting in extended rioting against Jews there. The results included 130 dead and nine synagogues destroyed.
A second pogrom followed three years later, sparked by Libyan nationalists eager for independence from the British. A quick British response and Jewish self-defense limited the damage. Still, 15 Jews were killed and hundreds were left homeless.
The new atmosphere of fear and insecurity on the one hand, coupled with the powerful attraction of the new State of Israel for this deeply religious community on the other, led to the emigration of all but 6,000 Libyan Jews by December 1951 — the year that Libya gained independence.
Notwithstanding constitutional guarantees provided by the new Libyan nation, restrictions on Jews were gradually imposed. By 1961, Jews could not vote, hold public office, serve in the army, get passports, purchase new property, acquire majority ownership in any new business or supervise their own communal affairs. Yet the Jews remained, umbilically linked to their ancestral land and hoping against hope, despite all the evidence to the contrary, for positive change.
Then, in June 1967, war broke out in the Middle East. Inspired by Nasser’s pan-Arab appeals, Libyans took to the streets and attacked the Jewish community.
By the time calm was restored, 18 Jews in Tripoli, the country’s capital, were dead. The toll might have risen had it not been for the courage of Cesare Pasquinelli, Italy’s ambassador to Libya, who ordered all Italian diplomatic missions in the country to extend their protection to the Jews.
A very few Muslims helped as well, including one — who at great risk — hid the teenager who was to become my wife, along with her parents and seven siblings, for two weeks until they were able to leave the country. Tellingly, however, this righteous Libyan has refused any public recognition, lest his life be put in danger for saving Jews.
Within a matter of weeks, all the remaining Jews of Libya fled abroad, urged to do so “temporarily” by the government. Each was permitted one suitcase and the equivalent of $50. Half headed for Israel; 2,000 went to Italy. In many respects, the tragic fate of Libya’s Jews was no different from that of hundreds of thousands of Jews in other Arab countries.
To no one’s surprise, this temporary exodus became permanent. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi seized power in 1969; the following year, he announced a series of laws to confiscate the assets of Libya’s Jews, issuing bonds providing for “fair compensation” within 15 years. But 1985 came and went with no compensation paid.
And so, with only a few scattered international protests, scant press attention and silence from the United Nations, another once-thriving Jewish community in the Arab world, like so many others, came to an end — and the rich tapestry of the region’s diversity took yet another irretrievable hit.
David Harris is the CEO of the American Jewish Committee (AJC).